Eid vs Christmas - 1100 Words

Christmas Vs Eid In the building with the blue windows and the diamond shaped roof tops, children dressed in red and green with rosy cheeks, were gaily singing: â€Å"Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells, Jingle all the way! Oh what fun it is to ride in a one more hoppin’ slay! Hey! ... Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!† In the building across the street, with the pink windows and the mosque behind it, families were visiting each other in their newly bought clothes and shining shoes, wishing each other: â€Å"Eid Mubarak, Dear Brother, Dear Sister May Allah’s blessings be bestowed upon you and your family! † The year 2008 is host to Christmas and Eid al Adha during the same month, only a few days apart. One would notice that†¦show more content†¦True, Jesus’ (As) birth is a belief amongst Muslims, but so is the sacrificial symbol of the Adha a belief amongst the Christians and other religions in the world. Why can’t all cultures adopt the Islamic tradition of gifting children with new clothes and taking them out to restaurants and amusement parks? The government does not encourage Eid as much as it allows public places to be enveloped in Christmas decorations. In France, the Arab communities hold visitations and share in Islamic customs within their brotherhood, whilst around them Christmas carols are sung and the city is embellished in tinsel and goblins, awaiting the arrival of â€Å"Santa Claus†, or in their terms â€Å"Pere Noel.† In Dubai, much like Abu Dhabi, hotels and restaurants have special Christmas luncheons. Shops and Malls give awa y special offers during the ‘Festive Season’. There is yet to be established an Eid theme blanketing the cities where Islam is the religion of base, like that of Christmas. What is even more upsetting is that Christmas is in itself less religious and more commercial than it was 500 years ago. Christmas has a face, a figure one can imagine when thinking of the Holiday: a jolly man, with a red suit and a white beard. He did not always look like this. â€Å"Santa Claus† acquired his red suit and the big belly through a Coca Cola advertisement in 1931. His image changed, distorted almost, into what we know now as â€Å"Ho! Ho! Ho! Merry Christmas!†Show MoreRelatedAbrahamic Religions And Monotheistic Religions1658 Words   |  7 Pageswere not fulfilled by Jesus, so therefore there hasn’t been a Messiah yet. Jew’s also believe in celebrating Rosh Chodesh, which is the new month, and Rosh Hashanah, which is the Jewish New Year. Unlike Christians, the celebrate Hanukkah instead of Christmas. Christianity was formed by the followers of Jesus. Jesus’s teachings were rooted in Judaism, and some of the first Christians were even Jews. Jesus taught the idea that he was the son of God, and he emphasized God’s love and the obedience of theRead MoreCross Cultural Issues in International Business2688 Words   |  11 Pagescut loose. There are many festivals indigenous only to Fiji, such as the City Festivals of Fiji, Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna Day and the Lovo Feast. In addition both Fiji and British celebrate festivals such as Divali, Holi, Eid, The Prophet Mohammeds Birthday, Easter and of course Christmas. City Festivals of Fiji There are three main city festivals held annually in Fiji. The Bula Festival is celebrated in Nadi each July, the Hibiscus Festival is held in Suva in November and the Sugar Festival is heldRead MoreInternship At National Load Despatch Centre ( Nldc ), Power System Operation Corporation Ltd Essay3733 Words   |  15 Pagesquite random in nature and there is no way to predict the occurrence of these spikes. [16] Special events such as religious or cultural celebrations also are another source of random disturbance. Diwali, Christmas and Eid are the examples of the special events. Similarly Pakistan Vs India Cricket match also lies in the category of special days and is another source of random disturbance, causing a huge spike in the load curve due to increased usage of TV and cannot be accurately predicted becauseRead MoreAn Internship Report On Production Of Graphite Electrodes And Power Generation6125 Words   |  25 Pagesquite random in nature and there is no way to predict the occurrence of these spikes. [16] Special events such as religious or cultural celebrations also are another source of random disturbance. Diwali, Christmas and Eid are the examples of the special events. Similarly Pakistan Vs India Cricket match also lies in the category of special days and is another source of random disturbance, causing a huge spike in the load curve due to increased usage of TV and cannot be accurately predicted becauseRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages6 (2005), pp. 1185–1203; and S. E. Scullen, M. K. Mount, and T. A. Judge, â€Å"Evidence of the Construct Validity of Developmental Ratings of Managerial Performance,† Journal of Applied Psychology 88, no. 1 (2003), pp. 50–66. 9. F. Luthans, â€Å"Successful vs. Effective Real Managers,† Academy of Management Executive (May 1988), pp. 127–132; and F. Luthans, R. M. Hodgetts, and S. A. Rosenkrantz , Real Managers (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988). See also F. Shipper and J. Davy, â€Å"A Model and Investigation of

Nike Marketing Analysis - 1427 Words

Boustani Nike: Maintaining a Promotional Edge Nike’s initial product advertising strategy of using professional athletes for raising demand through word-of-mouth provided good publicity. However, its selective-demand advertising was mainly focused on high-priced shoes for traditional sports, and ignored newly developed market segments such as aerobics and extreme sports, and new trends such as brown shoes and casual footwear (Etzel, Walker, and Stanton). Nike launched a successful advertising campaign around its â€Å"Just Do It† catch phrase and â€Å"swoosh† logo. Nike increased its visibility through vertical cooperative advertising; expanding its product line to include apparel, equipment, and accessories, which led retailers to use†¦show more content†¦The expertise of the niche companies can help Nike penetrate segments that would have otherwise been difficult to market to. Furthermore, these high-profile acquisitions will generate publicity for Nike. Although expanding its product line to include apparel and equipment is healthy, it should also expand its existing offerings by creating more midpriced athletic wear; many consumers do not want to pay hundreds of dollars for athletic shoes, even if they are high-performance shoes. 3 Boustani Nike needs to ensure the public that its manufacturing processes do not violate basic human rights, especially in factories located in third world countries. It should have information available, possibly on its Web site, about where its products are manufactured, by whom, and the conditions of the facilities. Its advertising could even include images or stories of some of the workers and what benefits the jobs bring to their impoverished families. A public relations firm can help show how Nike improves work conditions, introduces health benefits, and affects the lives of workers in developing countries. The non-profit Nike Foundation was established to empower adolescent girls in developing countries to expand their opportunities, capabilities, and choices. Nike works with local, national and international partners to pilot new development models. The focus isShow MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis of Nike1908 Words   |  8 PagesMarket Analysis of Nike Julie Wilderman BUS330: Principles of Marketing Professor David Kalicharan August 08, 2011 â€Æ' Market Analysis of Nike One important issue marketers need to realize is that it is essential to have a heavy commitment and solid customer focus and to attempt to satisfy customer wants and needs. (Kotler Armstrong, 2012) Companies need to be able to gauge their threats and opportunities to fully understand the different roles in the marketing environment. EnvironmentalRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Nike And Nike846 Words   |  4 Pagesfan or a person that has never played a sport in their lives. When I optically discern that check logo I ken it can only be one company. That company is Nike.Now Nike is arguably one of the most recognizable clothing or sportswear companies in the world. Strangely enough out of the fifty-one plus years they don’t have their own magazine. Nike sends their business to the best outlet as far as shoes, sportswear and equipment which is Eastbay. Eastbay is most popular for being an online catalog.As farRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Nike, Adidas, Aon, And Nike1161 Word s   |  5 Pageskey players. The major players as discussed in the industry analysis paper are Puma, Adidas, AON, and Nike. This essay entails a discussion of the competitive strategies each firm has over the others, giving reasons why the brands have been exceptional in the market. Strengths and weaknesses of Puma A SWOT analysis may be utilized to investigate into the strengths and weaknesses Puma has over the others, three key players. This analysis will show the risks and rewards of Puma (Åžen, 2008). The strengthsRead MoreMarketing Analysis Of Nike Inc.3315 Words   |  14 Pagesreport, the author highlights the marketing analysis of the leading athletic footwear, Nike Inc. Nike is headquartered in the United States. The author examines the marketing strategies of Nike with the help marketing models such as Ansoff Matrix and Boston Consulting Group Matrix. The author even focuses on the segmentation, targeting and positioning of the products, consumer behaviour towards Nike and conducts a PESTLE analysis. It gives a brief introduction of Nike conveying the foundation and formationRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Nike s Strategy1540 Words   |  7 Pagesgrowth as there’s more demand for trendy sportswear, most notably women as well as an increase in competitors; new look, Topshop and boohoo. Young people are the biggest sportswear buyers and are the most interested in innovation. (Sender, June 2015) Nike, as a company, fit into this market as the leader in sports fashion as they rank #1 in most valuable sports fashion and #18 overall on most valuable brands. (The world’s most valuable brands, 2015). The objective of this assignment is to criticallyRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Nike s Marketing Strategy1543 Words   |  7 Pagesapplying diversification strategy and being successful in diversification is Nike, Inc. This paper discusses Nike’s diversification strategies and how the company succeeds in using it. Along with corporate level strategy, this paper also touches upon the international strategy that Nike uses. Key Tie-Ins †¢ Diversification strategy †¢ International strategy Nike Diversification Strategy Upon first glance it is not very obvious that Nike employs diversification in their overall corporate strategy. The companyRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Nike s Brand1460 Words   |  6 Pagesquality of a team relative to its competition. An example of the competition would include other teams in the conference/league. Second, brand awareness is the way a consumer will recall a brand and its name. A great example of that is the just do it of Nike. Third, brand association is tangible and intangible association that a consumer has with a brand in addition to the perception of quality (Gladden Wong, 1997). For instance, I love Don Cherry because he gives his fancy suits away to charity. AndRead MoreThe Analysis of Marketing Communications Campaign with the Case of Nike Football Shoes2352 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Marketing mix is an essential tool for companies to target their customers, price and promote their product and locate their places. By analysing the 4P’s, companies can make the plans and achieve their goals. Marketing communications, as the promotion factor in marketing mix plays a key role in developing marketing strategies. To getting more customers and compete with their rivals, companies spend a lot of money on promotion. The promotion activities like advertising, sales and discountsRead MoreA Research Report On Nike1612 Words   |  7 Pagessituational analysis focuses on a world leading brand Nike. Firms undertake a situational analysis and planning process to identify and justify appropriate marketing opportunities for growth. This report provides an introduction to Nike with a background to the Company, its history and its product. This report also provides background data on the market, the product in more depth, its competition, the industry and the macro environment. A summary of the key findings from this situational analysis and aRead MoreNike vs Adidas1127 Words   |  5 PagesENTREPRENEURSHIP PROJECT CASE STUDY INTRODUCTION CONTENTS 1. | ACKNOWLGEMENT | 2. | AIM | 3. | INTODUCTION OF THE COMPANIES | 4. | COMPARISION OF MARKETING STRATEGY | 5. | DATA ANALYSIS | 6. | DATA REPORT | 7. | CONCLUSION | ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my teacher Mrs. Grace for her extensive support in the completion of this entrepreneurship project and also providing me with help full tips. This

Bill of Rights Assignment Free Essays

I started my assignment by really reading over the Bill of Rights and thinking really hard. It occurred to me that this was going to be a very tough assignment. Though I don’t think that a lot of the Amendments are upheld much anymore, such as freedom of speech, I could not think of any that needed to be removed or changed. We will write a custom essay sample on Bill of Rights Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now So I started thinking about things that I thought should be added. It came to my attention that I shouldn’t try of think of things that should be added because of personal reasoning, but instead, things that seem to be aggravating a lot of people nowadays. I came up with three. The first thing I thought really needed to be added to the Bill of Rights was the right to marry any person of your choosing. Now I know that gay marriage is a really touchy subject for a lot of people but I feel like if you love someone it shouldn’t matter what gender they are. It seems to me that the only problem that there is with gay marriage being passed everywhere is that the churches do not allow it. Thomas Jefferson once sent a letter to the Danbury Baptist in 1802 stating â€Å"†¦ I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should ‘make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,’ thus building a wall of separation between Church State†. I do not believe that the states should not grant people the right to marry whom they please simply because it is considered an abomination in the church. This is the 21st century and there are so many religions, people following so many different ones and then there are also people, like myself, that do not believe in a â€Å"God† or â€Å"Creator† or whatever you want to call it. Gay marriage is a choice just as big as a man and woman marrying and if two people make that decision they should be allowed to make it official. The second thing I came up with for the Bill of Rights is the right to not have to pay for illegal immigrant’s welfare or jailing via state or federal taxes. Are country is in a $14,136,022,715,367 deficit, approximately as of 2/2/11. It does not seem far that some of our money is going into paying for illegal aliens to be jumping the border and living off welfare or being imprisoned and we end up having to pay for them to stay in our prisons and keeping them alive and such. I feel that if a person does not have a green card or was not born into this country by someone who is a legal citizen, they should not be here, making money off us when our country is having a bad enough problem dealing with our own money issues. I’m no expert on finances or on morality but it just seems like it should be every person’s right to not have to pay for people who are in our country illegally. There is an astonishing amount of aliens in our country that live here and manage to con our government out of thousands if not millions of our hard earned money. And lastly, the third thing I could think of that should be in the Bill of Rights is our right to medical care. There are so many people in our country dying every day because they could not receive medical care because of lack of funds. I was recently almost added to the number of people without medical care. I have two kids, live in Connecticut, and my kids are currently temporarily living with their grandparents. Was forced into homelessness due to the economy’s lack of job availability in my area and had to make the decision to either bring myself and my children to a homeless shelter or let them go live with family while I went to a homeless shelter or a friend’s. When staying at a friend’s house didn’t work, I moved back in with my father and the state of Connecticut threatened to shut off my welfare. They shut off my food stamps because I’m living with my father and are under 22 and almost shut off my health insurance due to the same reasoning. Now, unlike a lot of people out there, I’m lucky in the fact that I don’t have a life threatening disease. But I still require doctor attention unless I want to end up either in a wheelchair, which without money; I wouldn’t be able to afford one and would have to second hand which is never a guaranteed thing. But the fact that our country can afford to be helping people in Africa, Haiti, everywhere around the world with disease but cannot afford to make it a constitutional right for its own citizens to receive medical care is just unacceptable. It seems to me that our country is more worried about everyone else’s health but its own. I think it’s time that they look at ours and make it a constitutional right. In conclusion, I have personal found that there is three things that our country absolutely needs in its Bill of Rights. As I’ve said, I’m no expert in any way possible, but I feel that if these three things were added, we could be even just a little more well off: The right to medical care; the right to not have to pay money via taxes for aliens; and the right to marry whom we please, regardless of gender. I know that there are many people out there that would not agree with me on these, but as the assignment was to write what I thought should be added, edited, or removed, these are my ideas. Hope you enjoyed reading. Reference http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9806/danpre.html How to cite Bill of Rights Assignment, Essay examples

Various Symmetric Key Encryption Algorithm -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Various Symmetric Key Encryption Algorithm? Answer: Introduction The scenario discussed in this report is discussion between Program Director and Project Manager for early launch of project. The scenario is described through Doing Ethics Technique (DET) as given below. Q1. What's going on? Solution: The Program Director discusses with the Program Manager about the early launch of Willis project. The Program Director wants Project management to launch the project early as CIA was asked to deliver the project early due to pressure from CEO (Al-Saggaf, 2016). The Program Director asks Program Manager to deliver the project without encryption so that they could deliver the project early. The Program Director proposes offers to Program Manager for doing the work. However, the Program Manager is not convinced due to major consequences of delivery of project without encryption. Q2. What are the facts? Solution: The facts that come up in this discussion are the reasons of delivering the project early. The reasons are that CIA is under extensive pressure from the CEO. The CEO is worried because Willis may not sign the next assignment which costs above three million. This shows that the actual fact is losing of next contract of worth 3 million from Willis. This is the reason the Program Director is also under pressure and wants Program Manager to deliver the project early. Q3. What are the issues? Solution: The issues in this scenario are the consequences of delivering the project without encryption. The delivery of project without encryption will pose some ethical and security issues that can be severe. The project can also be prone to get hacked. The encryption of any project is necessary to prevent it from being hacked (Kerzner Kerzner, 2017). The encryption is used to encode information in a way that it can only be accessed and read by authorized parties or entities. There are chances where information transfer can be broken in between and result in loss of information or modified information. The hackers are always ready to attack on systems that are not encrypted. The encryption will ensure verified and authorized use of information within a system (El-Abed Szewczyk, 2014). This is the importance of encryption which Program Director does not understand. The Program Manager is worried for this issue that can arise without encryption in the project. Q4. Who is affected? Solution: The project without encryption will affect the users and the company. The company will get affected the most as their sensitive data in the delivered project can be attacked by the hacker and thus misused (Pinto, 2015). The users who are related with the company can also become the victim where they may get breached and their data will release in public. The users sensitive data such as their bank accounting details or personal details will be misused in various ways. Q5. What are the ethical issues and their implications? Solution: The ethical issues related to early delivery of project without encryption are that it will pose a threat to the company. The three major ethical issues posed due to the delivery of project without encryption are data breach, data modification, data protection and access controls. The other major ethical issue is long-term resiliency. The data breach will severely affect the company by losing the data to the attackers. The modification of data may affect data loss where actual data may be modified with the fake data. The system without encryption may also give hackers the advantage of gaining full access controls of the system. The management of information can also be misused by the internal workforce is not handled properly. The ethical issue related to the discussion between Program Director and Program Manager is that Program Manager or Program Director can face legal issues if Willis files case against the company (Schwalbe, 2015). Willis may allege in future that the company has betrayed him by providing an unsafe project that can be attacked in present or future. The implications are huge where the company may face great lose and position in the market. The company may also face certain legal accusations by Willis Company. Q6. What could have been done about it? Solution: The Program Director should have understood the problem and tried to convince CIA to further convince CEO about the consequences of the early delivery of project without encryption. The Project Director could have talked personally to the higher authority by including the Program Manager and the team in the discussion of the consequences (Shmueli et al., 2014). The situation could be handled if the higher authority has undertaken the opinions and view of the developer team. Q7. What are the options? Solution: The options for the scenario of delivering the project without encryption are described in the given below paragraph. The below are the possible options that can be considered in this scenario. The first option is to Program Director pressurize Program Manager and he listens to the Program Manager. The second option is that Program Director ignores the recommendations proposed by the Program Manager. The third option is Program Director listen the developer team. Q8. Which option is the best and why? Solution: The third option is the best option because of the following points. Program Director listens to the developing team regarding the delivery of project without encryption (Jalhotra, Kumar Aggarwal, 2017). This option can be best applied as the project delivery to a company is a big responsibility. This is because if there is any missing point or feature then it will severely affect the company. The developers are not only money minded. They respect values and opinions in their work environment (Gong et al., 2017). Hence they do not want that their company get in any type of problem. The developers are also focused in their work hence they may not want to deliver the project without any missing functionality. The Program Director if listens to the developer team then he can understand that there are many problems that can emerge if the project is delivered without encryption. Therefore, this option is best for this ethically questionable scenario. References Al-Saggaf, Y. (2016).Scenario 3: Early Launch. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5M7ohdZ6qA El-Abed, J., Szewczyk, P. (2014). Persistent issues in encryption software: A heuristic and cognitive walkthrough. Gong, L., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Li, X., Wang, X., Pan, W. (2017, April). The application of data encryption technology in computer network communication security. InAIP Conference Proceedings(Vol. 1834, No. 1, p. 040027). AIP Publishing. Jalhotra, D., Kumar, P., Aggarwal, S. (2017). A Review on Cloud Security and its Issues using various Symmetric Key Encryption Algorithm.International Journal,8(5). Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. (2017).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Pinto, J. K. (2015).Project management: achieving competitive advantage. Prentice Hall. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Shmueli, E., Vaisenberg, R., Gudes, E., Elovici, Y. (2014). Implementing a database encryption solution, design and implementation issues.Computers security,44, 33-50.

Impact of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Impact of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 by Expert Tutor Maya | 20 Dec 2016 Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002 was enacted by the U.S. Government jointly sponsored by Democratic and Republican parties named after their senators Sarbanes and Oxley respectively echoing the sentiments of all stakeholders in the aftermath of big corporate frauds of Enron, Global Crossing and World com to name a few. As the corporate frauds were perpetrated with the connivance of auditors of the public limited companies, the act called SOX for short, has come down heavily up on the Auditors and Directors. This paper is aimed at briefly outlining of how SOX has changed corporate governance affecting auditors by changing the working of their firms, their audit practice and impacting their audit clients of publicly listed companies in the U.S. both U.S and non-U.S having their debt or equity securities registered with SEC under Securities Exchange Act of 1934. SOX establishes new provisions and changes existing law considerably. The enactment provides for an enhanced audit committee responsibi lity and auditor oversight, prior approval for non-audit services by the auditor, and disclosure of non-audit services of the auditor. Need essay sample on "Impact of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed College Students Frequently Tell EssayLab specialists: How much do I have to pay someone to make my assignment today? Essay writer professionals suggest: Academic Papers For Sale English Essays For Sale Get Paid To Write Essays For Students Buy College Papers Online Writing Essay Company CEOs and CFOs have to certify the accuracy of their companies annual and quarterly reports without any misleading statements besides assuming responsibility for properly evaluated internal controls. A ban has been imposed on directors and executives to avail new personal loans from their companies except certain regular consumer loans. The Audit Committee Section 301 of SOX prohibits listing of security of any company with SEC that does not have an audit committee complying with the provisions therein. The audit committee members should be independent. The director who is the audit committee member is considered independent only if he has not received any direct or indirect compensation from the company or its subsidiaries other than as a director. He ca not also act as an affiliated person which means acting directly or indirectly through intermediaries. A safe harbor not being an executive officer of the company or a shareholder owning 10% or more shares with voting rights is not considered as controlling the company. This audit committee is responsible for hiring companys independent auditor and fixing their remuneration. This committee should oversee the auditors work involving preparation or issue of audit reports and related works and also sorting out differences between the management and the auditor in respect of financial reporting. If the audit committee has any financial expert who is independent as stipulated above, his/her name must be disclosed by the company. If there is no financial expert in the audit committee, reason must be furnished by the committee. The financial expert must have the following attributes. An understanding of GAAP and financial statements. The ability to assess the general application of such principles in the accounting for estimates, accruals, and reserves. Experience preparing, auditing, analyzing, or evaluating financial statements that present a complexity of accounting issues that is generally comparable in breadth and level to the complexity of issues that the companys financial statements can reasonably be expected to raise or experience actively supervising one or more persons engaged in such activities An understanding of internal control for financial reporting. An understanding of audit committee functions. The audit committee financial expert must also have acquired the required attributes through any of the following: Education and experience as a principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, controller, public accountant, or auditor or experience in one or more positions that involve the performance of similar functions Experience actively supervising a principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, controller, public accountant, or auditor or person performing similar functions Experience overseeing or assessing the performance of companies or public accountants for the preparation, auditing, or evaluation of financial statements Other relevant experience. (Guy 2003) Section 302 of the Act dealing with corporate responsibility requires that periodic statutory financial reports should certify that signatories have reviewed the reports, that it does not include any material untrue statements, omissions or misleading statements, that financial statements fairly present prevailing financial condition and results in all material aspects and tat the signatories are in charge of internal controls evaluated in the previous 90 days. Deficiencies if any, in the internal control and information on fraud involving employees and changes in the internal controls having negative impact. ( soxclaw.com) Auditor Independence The auditor who conducts audit of the company as approved by the Audit committee shall not perform specified non-audit services concurrently. The auditors should be changed once in five years. There must be one year cooling-off time for an employee or employees of the audit firm to join the company they audited as CEO, CFO or Chief Accounting Officer. The corporate personnel are also prohibited from influencing, coercing, manipulating an accountant of the audit firm engaged in the audit of their company. All auditing firms engaged in auditing of listed companies should enlist with the newly formed Public Accounting Oversight Board wihin 180 days of the Board coming into being. Section 409 stipulates real time disclosure on a rapid and current basis. The disclosure relates to the following 11 items in Form 8K.. execution or termination of a material agreement not in the ordinary course of business; termination or reduction of a business relationship with a customer which constitutes a specified portion of revenues; creation of a direct or contingent material financial obligation; events triggering a direct or contingent material financial obligation (i.e., default or acceleration of an obligation); exit activities such as material write-offs and restructuring charges; any material impairment; any change in a rating agency decision, issuance of a credit watch or change in company outlook; movement of securities from one exchange or quotation system to another, delisting of securities, failure to comply with a listing standard; conclusion or notice that security holders should no longer rely on previously issued financial statements or audit report; and any material limitation regarding employee benefit, retirement or stock ownersh ip plans. (Orrick 2002) Material off-balance sheet items and dealings with unconsolidated entities or other persons must be also reported in all annual and quarterly reports having a bearing on current or future financial position of the company, changes in financial condition, results of operation, liquidity, capital expenditures , capital resources or significant components of revenues or expenses. (Orrick 2002) Punishments for violations of the Act Section 802 stipulates a maximum 20 years imprisonment for knowledge of alteration, destruction, mutilation, concealment, cover up or falsification of a record or document with an intention to defeat a federal investigation or influence a bankruptcy case with or without fines.. Section 904 of the Act increases the penalties for criminal violations of ERISA from up to $5,000 and/or one year in prison to up to $100,000 and/or ten years in prison. For other than natural persons, it increases the penalty from up to $100,000 to up to $500,000. Attempts and Conspiracies. Section 902 of the Act makes attempts and conspiracies to commit offences under the white collar criminal laws contained in the U.S. Code Under the same section there is a punishment of maximum 10 years with fines for knowing and wilful violation of a new audit working paper retention requirements. Section 1102 stipulates a maximum punishment of 20 years with fines for corrupt alteration, destruction, mutilation or concealment of a record or document in order to impair its integrity or availability for a proceeding. Section 807 of the Act creates an additional federal felony, subject to fines and/or up to 25 years imprisonment, for knowingly executing or attempting to execute a scheme or artifice to defraud a person in connection with any security of a public company; or to obtain by means of fraud any money or property in connection with the purchase or sale of any security of a public company. The Act also increase criminal penalties for several existing white collar crimes Increased Criminal Penalties Under the Exchange Act. Section 1106 of the Act increases the penalty for wilful violations of the Exchange Act from up to $1 million and/or ten years in prison to up to $5 million and/or 20 years in prison. For other than natural persons, it increases the penalty from up to $2.5 million to up to $25 million Mail and Wire Fraud. Section 903 of the Act increases the maximum prison terms of mail and wire fraud from five to 20 years (Orrick.2002) Conclusion As seen above, the stipulations are of high standard and are punishments are exemplary that Sarbanes-Oxley Act has been a trend setter in the accounting world. In Australia similar enactment called CLERP 9 has also followed suit. Though critics say that advantages of the new provisions are lesser than the damages it is causing to the auditing and accounting profession, it is hoped that in due course of time, these damages will disappear and auditing profession will rise like a phoenix. Reeferences Lander p, Guy. What Is Sarbanes-Oxley?. Blacklick, OH, USA: McGraw-Hill Trade, 2003 http://site.ebrary.com/lib/britishcouncilonline/Doc?id=10065195&ppg=73 Orrick 2002 Securities Law Update August 2002 Soxlaw.com http://www.soxlaw.com/index.htm> retrieved April 4, 2007

Great Barrier Reef management and protection Essay Example

Great Barrier Reef management and protection Essay Example Great Barrier Reef management and protection Essay Great Barrier Reef management and protection Essay The Great Barrier Reef Is an extensive and Intricate ecosystem which Is located off the east coast of Northern Queensland. The GAB stretches roughly 2300 kilometers from as far north as Fly River in PANG to as far south as Frazer Island. The whole reef system covers 354, 000 square kilometers in total which makes it the largest and most famous coral reef system in the world. Holding one of the worlds broadest ranges of genetic biodiversity, the maintenance of the GAB is vital. Reasons for the conservation of the reef include economic value, importance as a reservoir for illogical diversity, it is the largest reef system in the world, it is used for education and research into revolutionary processes, it plays an important role in the carbon cycle, chemicals can be removed for use in medicine and the GAB also prevents coastal erosion. Over time, reef management strategies have been introduced to help with the preservation and conservation of the reef, these strategies Include traditional and contemporary management. Traditional management was when the Aboriginal people had complete control over the land, the Indigenous peoples management included great admiration for the land, treating it with respect and sing only justifiable amounts of food and materials. This was a sustainable and successful management strategy used to conserve and preserve the GAB. : Contemporary management included reef exploitation, UN-sustainable usage of materials, disregard for pollution and UN-policed fishing which led the GAB to be at NSA (GENETIC DIVERSITY, UTILITY VALUE, INTRINSIC VALUE AND HERITAGE VALUE AS ALL REASONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE GAB) Traditional management of the GAB boats superiority and success (BACK UP). Traditional management strategies portrayed knowledge about the ecosystem harbored by the Indigenous people; they understood the significant of the ecosystem, the need for sustainability and the reasons for preservation. The Indigenous people trusted the reef to provide food, building materials, medicine and of course beauty, however, the way In which these needs were harvested from the reef was gentle so that there was no exploitation and no UN?sustainable activity. Being that there are more than 35 separate groups of Aboriginal and Tortes Strait Islander people with links to the land surrounding the GAB, tribes did not exist on only one area of the land for their life but instead moved around so that the land was not overused in sections. The traditional management strategies used and enforced by the indigenous people were extremely successful in preserving the reef. They were able to live off the land without exploiting and without disturbing the dynamic equilibrium that exists on the GAB. The indigenous people are able to focus their management important factors such as stewardship and conservation of resources for future generation. Aboriginal and Tortes Strait Islander people feel an accountability to look after the land on which they exist because of 2 million years of deep spiritual connections and links between the two. Stress on the technology meaning that the traditional management strategies were very effective in preserving the land. The GAB has altered and varied over many years, meaning that the management required has changed too. Contemporary management has been adjusted to suit the ever-changing needs of the GAB to aid in preserving, conserving and protecting the delicate ecosystem. Supporting the contemporary management practices include establishing, in 1975, the largest URINE Park in the world, World Heritage listing in 1981, broad scientific research and pressure from all parties effected. The SPAM had an act put in place by the federal government to assist in the management of the reef. To enable the reef to be properly managed, state and federal government agencies are involved in GAB management, these include Australian Marine Safety Authority, Queensland Department of Transport, Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service and The Aboriginal and Tortes Strait Islander Commission. All of the government agencies involved follow four principals; Management at the ecosystem level to achieve overall protection of the ecosystem, Conservation and reasonable use so that the ecosystem provides opportunities for sustainable use and enjoyment of its resources while being protected, Public participation and community involvement in the development and implementation of management, Monitoring and performance evaluation of management. In 2004 the Marine Park Authority introduced zoning to help manage the reef. Buffer zones were introduced for people to appreciate and enjoy areas of the reef without disturbing the national park zones. Conservation park zones are to allow small-scale recreational fishing. Estuarine conservation zones allow recreational activities such as snorkeling and diving. General usage zones allow a diverse range of recreational and commercial activities such as tourist boats. Habitat park zones allow a varied array of recreational and commercial activities. National park zones allow the public to appreciate and enjoy the beauty of the nature around them, being classified as high conservation value. Preservation zones forbid any public access to a totally protected high conservation value area of the marine park. The Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2009 identified climate change as one of the greatest threats to the long-term health of the Great Barrier Reef, including; ocean acidification, rising sea enraptures, rising sea level and the increased frequency of severe weather events. There is also expected to be flow-on impacts for communities and industries which is why the Great Barrier Reef Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan 2012-2017 was created. It outlines how we will build Great Barrier Reefs health so its better able to cope with stress and avoid climate change impacts. Climate change has increased sea surface temperature, if this increase continues the temperature will exceed that of which the coral has the ability to grow which results in the leaching of copious amounts of coral, for example, in 1998, there was a global mass bleaching event where 50 per cent of the reefs on the Great Barrier Reef suffered bleaching. During this time, sea temperatures on the Great Barrier Reef were the highest ever recorded. From alterations in the temperature of the sea the water movement is affected causing vast ocean currents that act as a nutrients recycling cycle. This can be enough for the elimination of the reef. Climate change is not solely negative but is one of the most important roles of the reef. Green-house gases maintains the health and growth of the coral, without which the corals would not be able to survive. Seal level rise will impact negatively on the reef as the penetration of sunlight becomes less effective because the distance of that energy has to travel to reach the coral will be further. Being the largest and most beautiful reef system in the world the GAB attracts about 2 million tourists each year meaning that the activities carried out are examined very carefully. Tourism is a vital method in educating people about this delicate ecosystem. Through education the SPAM are blew to encourage conservation and preservation and influence people on the importance of the ecosystem. One aim set in place by the World Heritage Convention is to promote education concerning environmental protection as well as the influence of human activities on ecosystems. This will promote vigilance and care when visiting fragile reefs. Having 85% of the total number of tourists visiting the reef yearly only use 7% of the reef clashes with the importance the Indigenous people placed on not using too much of the one area but moving around. Without following the living quinine employed by the Indigenous people we are in danger of disturbing the reef and the aquaculture of the reef. We are also in danger of disturbing the water quality of the reef as the increased use of nutrients, pesticides and other pollutants on the land are ending up in the water. Also because The Great Barrier Reef receives the run-off from 38 major catchments, discharges are the single biggest source of nutrients to the inshore areas of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. This is seen as the second most significant pressure on the GAB. Coastal ecosystems play a vital role for the Great Barrier Reef. Extensive areas of habitats that support the Great Barrier Reef ecosystem have been in filled, modified or cleared. This loss of coastal habitats is concerning as they are important feeding and breeding grounds for marine species and sediments traps and nutrient filters for water entering the Great Barrier Reef. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (SPAM) is a partner in the Australian and Queensland governments commitment to the Reef Water Quality Protection Plan (Reef Plan). This plan aims to stop and reverse the decline in the quality of water flowing into the Great Barrier Reef. The SPAM prepared Water Quality Guidelines for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park which recognize trigger levels for managers to take action if conditions surpass them The development of traditional and contemporary management strategies over past years has been evident. Sustainable practices engaged in by both the Indigenous people and Marine park zoning set up by the SPAM are both strategies to be used as they ensure a strong, sustainable and healthy ecosystem for generations to come. The techniques practiced by the Indigenous Australians centered on the important value of stewardship. The management strategies utilized by the Indigenous peoples proved successful and sustainable, as the tenuous and delicate reef has survived. A combination of contemporary and traditional strategies has been employed by the SPAM, enabling them to protect the reef ecosystem. Education of tourists on the vulnerability of the ecosystem, scientific research into the possibilities the reef has to offer and learning about how to care for this vital ecosystem are all factors showing the effectiveness of the SPAM management, conserving the GAB is very important, as it possesses resources that can be used in vast areas and also provides a habitat the privilege of visiting it.

International Business- Airbus versus Boeing - When is Intervention Essay

International Business- Airbus versus Boeing - When is Intervention Not Intervention - Essay Example or any public body are prohibited. Again according to Article III: 4 of GATT 1994, certain favourable taxation policies are prohibited. (PÃ ©rez A. F., January 2008). Despite SCM agreements under WTO, there have been innumerable cases of dispute of violation of these agreements (DISPUTE SETTLEMENT, January2009). All major trading & industrial countries and regions, namely US, EU, Brazil, China, India, etc have got into these imbroglios. Protectionist tendencies are evident in actions of various governments of the world, though sometimes it is done in the garb of ‘saving jobs’ or promoting ‘home grown companies’. A recent report by the World Bank specifies rising protectionist tendencies in 17 out of the 20 ‘G20’ nations. In the era of ‘Open trade’, the report mentions: These do not bode well for ‘Open Trade’, liberalization or the WTO. Economists predict that due to prevailing recession in the world economy, these tendencies would rise all across the globe & many governments might find it hard to follow the liberalized trade policies. ‘Trade without discrimination’ the general philosophy underlying WTO, is being distorted by these nations. During the 2nd world war, Boeing had received many lucrative contracts from the US Department of Defense. By the 1960s Boeing was a leading aircraft manufacturer of the world. By 1970 some European countries in order to challenge Boeing’s dominance put in ‘massive Govt. subsidies’ to form Airbus. After a period Spain & Britain joined with the founding member countries (of Airbus) France & Germany. Airbus received billions of dollars as soft loans and subsidies from these countries and also from EU. Ultimately for the first time in early 2000s, Airbus was able to surpass Boeing to become the world’s leading commercial Jet manufacturer, with greater annual sales revenue.